Seminars

The dramatic Red Brigades trial which took place in Turin between 1976-1978 was a key moment in the struggle between the state and the Red Brigades. It saw the first use of the ‘rupture trial’ strategy, whereby the BR defendants would sack their own lawyers and refuse legal representation. The BR also used selective assassinations of key figures in the process to terrify potential jurors, a strategy which the state struggle to deal with at every level. This was a maxi-trial, which coincided with dramatic events elsewhere (such as the Aldo Moro kidnap and assassination). It has been little studied, with only one book dedicated to it (which mainly deals with legalistic issues). This paper, based on extensive archive and newspaper research, will argue that this trial was a turning point in the ‘years of lead’, but also marked the peak of BR media and legal power – putting the state on the back foot. It was also crucial to the birth of brigatisti in the dock as celebrities and led to numerous institutional and legal changes which made the trial process much more ‘securitised’ and repressive. Finally, the paper will argue that this trial was crucial to BR strategy overall, with murders and other actions linked above all to the internal needs of the ‘group’ as opposed to wider national or geo-political issues (as is usually assumed in the historiography).

This paper forms part of a broader research project funded by the European Research Council, which focuses on humanitarianism in Southern European countries. 1 It examines Italian trade union campaigns on behalf of political prisoners in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, developed between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s. Drawing on multi-archival research, the paper analyses the goals, practices, and language of Italian labour internationalism, which took shape at the intersection of diverse yet interconnected domains. These campaigns reflected a broad political vision: the promotion, throughout the Mediterranean region, of societies founded on the core values of freedom, democracy, and trade union rights. At the same time, mobilisation on behalf of political prisoners also sought to alleviate individual suffering, as evidenced by accounts of the harsh conditions endured by imprisoned trade unionists and the hardships faced by their families. It further involved denouncing the brutality employed by Mediterranean dictatorships as a tool of repression and drawing attention to the human rights violations inflicted on their victims. This paper argues that social justice, humanitarianism, and human rights were inextricably intertwined in the aims and actions of Italian labour internationalism. In doing so, it contributes to the historiographical debate on the relationship between workers’ rights and human rights, while also offering valuable insight into the broader – though less visible – circulation of human rights discourse prior to its full emergence in the field of international relations in the 1970s.

In 1934, Mussolini’s dictatorship introduced a national system of juvenile courts (the Tribunali per i minorenni) for the first time in Italy. The courts represented the final piece of the juvenile- justice system that the Fascist regime had introduced in penal and civil legislation over the previous decade. Located in each of Italy’s 26 appellate-court districts, the tribunals had full jurisdiction over children under the age of 18. In criminal cases, the courts enjoyed more flexible rules and procedures than those for trying adults in the regular courts. Juvenile judges, for instance, enjoyed sweeping powers to investigate the causes of juvenile misbehavior; to conduct private, summary hearings; and to individualize correctional measures according to the child’s personality. Magistrates also adjudicated matters involving non-criminal youths (e.g., abandoned, neglected, and wayward), committing thousands each year to indefinite “administrative measures” in reformatories. Armed with these weapons, the juvenile courts expressed the dictatorship’s aspirations to discipline and “reclaim” Italian children. They also allowed the regime to intervene in family life more than ever before and, consequently, to subject thousands of minors each year to re-education schemes in the name of child protection, 4 crime prevention, and racial purity. Using the juvenile court of Florence as a case study, my presentation will center on one of the most “fascistic” features of Mussolini’s juvenile justice: the indefinite detention of “socially dangerous” minors in both civil and penal cases. Sampling the unstudied juvenile-court records in the Florence archive, I will examine how – and how many – minors were brought before the tribunal; how and why judges declared some youths to be dangerous; and how these children fared in state custody. I will aim to determine from these cases the extent to which a distinctly “fascist” culture of juvenile justice was implemented in 1934 and administered until the fall of fascism.

This paper offers an intimate portrait of Arturo Giovannitti, the Italian-American poet and labor activist who became a central figure in the 1912 Bread and Roses Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Going beyond the mythologized image of Giovannitti as a romantic labor hero, it explores the emotional underpinnings of his activism, with particular focus on the libidinal and affective dynamics that shaped his political behavior before and during his incarceration. Drawing on an extraordinary cache of newly available private correspondence—especially letters to and from his lover, Carrie—this study investigates the complex interplay between love, desire, self-perception, and political commitment.The paper argues that Giovannitti’s politics were profoundly fueled by intimate emotions. Love for Carrie, idealized as both muse and moral compass, served not only as a personal refuge but also as a political driver, shaping Giovannitti’s perception of the strike, his rhetorical framing, and his courtroom strategy. These affective forces, including jealousy, resentment, solidarity, and self-aggrandizement, extended to his interactions with fellow activists, supporters, and enemies alike. While literature has often cast Giovannitti’s imprisonment and trial as an act of martyrdom for labor, this paper reveals his emotional experience as more ambivalent, even narcissistic, yet still consequential for the labor movement.By foregrounding the “rule of love,” the paper challenges the persistent rationalist understanding of radical activism and highlights the explanatory power of emotions in shaping historical agency. Giovannitti’s story ultimately demonstrates how intimate emotion—particularly romantic love—can galvanize public engagement and leave a lasting imprint on collective struggle.

Whereas border deaths should be the exception, they have become the norm through which mobility is regulated and collective indifference towards migrants dying en route grows across the world’s most contested and hyper-militarized borderlands (De Genova 2017; Squire 2017). The aftermath of this violence is manifold and its impact on the neighbouring communities remains an important yet neglected topic in both scholarship and practice (Grotti and Brightman 2020; Zagaria 2020). The proposed article contributes to fill this gap by addressing how the remains of the migrants who die in the Central Mediterranean routes to Europe affect the lives of borderland communities, leaving traces in their stories, practices, and memories. By doing so, it re-frames border deaths from a local perspective, focusing on its border-less reverberations and considering it as a pervasive phenomenon that concerns not only the dead and their families, but Mediterranean societies at large. This inclusive approach challenges traditional narratives surrounding border deaths and invites scholars (and ideally the wider public) to confront the realities faced by those living at the deadliest borders in the world – the island of Lampedusa (Italy). My ethnographic research is centred on strictly empirical data gathered around participant observation during several months of work with one of the oldest fishing crews on the island of Lampedusa. By exploring how these fishermen conduct their existence and by entering their life worlds with family members and friends as a new member of the crew, I propose to investigate how border deaths remain silenced or emerge through subtle moments, instances or anecdotes in ordinary life. I argue that migrants’ deaths are intimately connected to Southern European citizens’ lives, but that such webs of relations are hardly visible and importantly related to border policies which encourage indifference.

My talk explores the concept of sexual difference as formulated in Carla Lonzi’s Sputiamo su Hegel (1970), contrasting it with the definition offered by Adriana Cavarero and Olivia Guaraldo in their 2024 book Donna si nasce (e qualche volta lo si diventa). While Cavarero and Guaraldo acknowledge Lonzi as the founder of the pensiero della differenza—a feminist tradition they represent—I argue that their book develops this notion into an anti-gender stance that significantly departs from Lonzi’s 1970s radical feminism. I begin by examining the anti-Hegelian foundations of Lonzi’s thought. In response to Hegel’s master-slave dialectic and its Marxist reinterpretations, Lonzi asserts that “woman is oppressed as a woman, at all social levels; not as a class, but as a sex.” Rejecting class-based analysis, she identifies patriarchy as the structural root of oppression and argues that 2 “Marxism has ignored women, both as oppressed people and as bearers of the future.” As sexual objects of heterosexual male desire, women represent an original form of male possession that is patriarchal. By grounding sexual difference in female pleasure, Lonzi views women not as natural beings destined for reproduction, but as political subjects. Building on this critique, I examine Lonzi’s concept of sexual difference in contrast to the binary logic of conservative, pro-family politics and the essentialism underlying Cavarero and Guaraldo’s biologically grounded definition of woman as generative sex. Cavarero and Guaraldo’s critique of expressions like “people with a uterus” and notions of “inclusion” misrepresents the LGBTQIA+ movement’s challenge to sexual binary and heteronormativity as an attack on women and heterosexuality. Rooted more in Cavarero’s (and the Diotima school’s) ontological feminism than in Lonzi’s existential and anti-Hegelian thought, Donna si nasce places the pensiero della differenza in sharper tension with queer theory than with the patriarchy itself. My talk reclaims Lonzi’s feminism to frame sexual difference as historical absence—not essence—and thus as a condition of agency.

From the 1950s to the 1970s, Italian experimental poets turned their attention to the relationship between sound, meaning, and notation in language. Through experiments with puns, graphic notation, and recording technologies, these poets explored how language made meaning through sound and image. What remains unexplored in scholarship is how Chinese writing served as a source of fascination for Italian experimental poets, a way to explore and articulate ideas of translation and linguistic difference. Chinese writing is logographic, in which symbols (or characters) represent morphemes and words, in contrast to phonographic writing, in which symbols (letters) represent sounds. In this paper, I analyze notions of linguistic difference and translation, and the role of Chinese in these conceptualizations, in the work of Italian experimental poet Amelia Rosselli (1930–1996). Rosselli’s transnational upbringing between France, the UK, the US, and Italy informed her movement between Italian, English, and French in her writing. In her most translingual texts, Diario in tre lingue and Le Chinois à Rome (both 1954–1956, published 1980s), she turns to Chinese in her search for a language that unites sound, meaning, and notation. Although no characters appear in the texts, I argue that Rosselli’s homophonic and transliterative play between Italian, English, and French serves to reveal the inadequacy of phonographic writing to communicate meaning, and fantasize about the possibility of communicating differently. The transnational intellectual history I trace through Rosselli’s work reveals how ideas of China, Chinese culture, Chinese politics, and, above all, Chinese writing were formed in the Italian postwar, in networks that include sources from the US, France, Germany, and China. More broadly, I argue that this fascination with Chinese logographic writing provides an essential lens through which to understand theories of language and translation emerging in Italy from the 1950s to the 1970s.